In Paris the officers of the law delivered the prisoner to the mob. And yet, in our own land and under our own flag, the writer can give day and detail of one thousand men, women, and children who during the last six years were put to death without trial before any tribunal on earth. Andrew Carnegie on "The Triumph of America" (1885) Henry Grady on the New South (1886) Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America" (1900) Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1918) Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper" (1913) Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) Wells was already out of town when she realized that an editorial she'd written had caused a riot. They are as follows: Rape 46 Attempted rape 11Murder. 58 Suspected robbery 4Rioting 3 Larceny. 1Race Prejudice.. 6 Self-defense.. 1No cause given.. 4 Insulting women2Incendiarism. 6 Desperadoes 6Robbery 6 Fraud 1Assault and battery 1 Attempted murder. Wells was in New York at the time. These advocates of the unwritten law boldly avowed their purpose to intimidate, suppress, and nullify the negros right to vote. Wells, I. Ida B. It asserted its sway in defiance of law and in favor of anarchy. . Murray Collection with a date range of 1822 through 1909. The text of Ida B. Wells' "Lynch Law in All its Phases" an address given at Tremont Temple in the Boston Monday Lectureship on February . In 1909, however, she gained a powerful ally in the newly formed National Association for the Advancement . In many cases there has been open expression that the fate meted out to the victim was only what he deserved. She was charged with being accessory to the murder of her white paramour, who had shamefully abused her. Read and analyze the "Voices of Freedom" primary source document from the chapter titled "Lynch Law in All Its Phases" by Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Ida B, et al. It contains the reports of several lynchings and the results of an . Humiliating indeed, but altogether unanswerable, was the reply of the French press to our protest: Stop your lynchings at home before you send your protests abroad.. The mayor gave the school children a holiday and the railroads ran excursion trains so that the people might see a human being burned to death. Wells continued her journalism, and often published articles on the subject of lynching and civil rights for African Americans. Wells was enslaved from her birth on July 16, 1862,in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Ida B. The first statute of this unwritten law was written in the blood of thousands of brave men who thought that a government that was good enough to create a citizenship was strong enough to protect it. CONTEXT. . In her pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases, published in 1892, the African American journalist Ida B. The Negros Place in World Reorganization, The Subjective Necessity of Social Settlements, Some Reasons Why We Oppose Votes for Women, National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. . Hardly had the sentences dried upon the statute books before one Southern State after another raised the cry against negro domination and proclaimed there was an unwritten law that justified any means to resist it. Today, we should take time to pause . Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. Wells became deeply interested in the lynching problem after three Black businessmen she knew were killed by a white mob outside Memphis, Tennessee, in 1892. . No matter that our laws presume every man innocent until he is proved guilty; no matter that it leaves a certain class of individuals completely at the mercy of another class; no matter that it encourages those criminally disposed to blacken their faces and commit any crime in the calendar so long as they can throw suspicion on some negro, as is frequently done, and then lead a mob to take his life; no matter that mobs make a farce of the law and a mockery of justice; no matter that hundreds of boys are being hardened in crime and schooled in vice by the repetition of such scenes before their eyesif a white woman declares herself insulted or assaulted, some life must pay the penalty, with all the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition and all the barbarism of the Middle Ages. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/ida-b-wells-basics-1773408. Skip to main content. The photo is from about 1893. Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Lansings Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting. And it hit home for Ida B. The photograph was taken in Indianapolis, where his wife and children had relocated after the murder. On Feb. 13, 1893, Wells delivered a scathing rebuke of lynching in front of a mostly white and angry audience at Boston's Tremont Temple. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, born enslaved in Mississippi, was a pioneering activist and journalist. That gave an impetus to the hunt, and the Atlanta Constitutions reward of $500 keyed the mob to the necessary burning and roasting pitch. Our nation has been active and outspoken in its endeavors to right the wrongs of the Armenian Christian, the Russian Jew, the Irish Home Ruler, the native women of India, the Siberian exile, and the Cuban patriot. 1900. She did much to expose the epidemic of lynching in the United States and her writing and research exploded many of the justificationsparticularlythe rape of white women by black mencommonly offered to justify the practice. When Ida was 16, her family faced a terrible tragedy when her parents and baby brother died of yellow fever. DuBois on Black Progress (1895, 1903), Jane Addams, The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements (1892), Eugene Debs, How I Became a Socialist (April, 1902), Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907), Alice Stone Blackwell, Answering Objections to Womens Suffrage (1917), Theodore Roosevelt on The New Nationalism (1910), Woodrow Wilson Requests War (April 2, 1917), Emma Goldman on Patriotism (July 9, 1917), W.E.B DuBois, Returning Soldiers (May, 1919), Lutiant Van Wert describes the 1918 Flu Pandemic (1918), Manuel Quezon calls for Filipino Independence (1919), Warren G. Harding and the Return to Normalcy (1920), Crystal Eastman, Now We Can Begin (1920), Marcus Garvey, Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1921), Hiram Evans on the The Klans Fight for Americanism (1926), Herbert Hoover, Principles and Ideals of the United States Government (1928), Ellen Welles Page, A Flappers Appeal to Parents (1922), Huey P. Long, Every Man a King and Share our Wealth (1934), Franklin Roosevelts Re-Nomination Acceptance Speech (1936), Second Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1937), Lester Hunter, Id Rather Not Be on Relief (1938), Bertha McCall on Americas Moving People (1940), Dorothy West, Amateur Night in Harlem (1938), Charles A. Lindbergh, America First (1941), A Phillip Randolph and Franklin Roosevelt on Racial Discrimination in the Defense Industry (1941), Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga on Japanese Internment (1942/1994), Harry Truman Announcing the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima (1945), Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945), Dwight D. Eisenhower, Atoms for Peace (1953), Senator Margaret Chase Smiths Declaration of Conscience (1950), Lillian Hellman Refuses to Name Names (1952), Paul Robesons Appearance Before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1956), Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), Richard Nixon on the American Standard of Living (1959), John F. Kennedy on the Separation of Church and State (1960), Congressman Arthur L. Miller Gives the Putrid Facts About Homosexuality (1950), Rosa Parks on Life in Montgomery, Alabama (1956-1958), Barry Goldwater, Republican Nomination Acceptance Speech (1964), Lyndon Johnson on Voting Rights and the American Promise (1965), Lyndon Johnson, Howard University Commencement Address (1965), National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose (1966), George M. Garcia, Vietnam Veteran, Oral Interview (1969/2012), Fannie Lou Hamer: Testimony at the Democratic National Convention 1964, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968), Statement by John Kerry of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971), Barbara Jordan, 1976 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (1976), Jimmy Carter, Crisis of Confidence (1979), Gloria Steinem on Equal Rights for Women (1970), First Inaugural Address of Ronald Reagan (1981), Jerry Falwell on the Homosexual Revolution (1981), Statements from The Parents Music Resource Center (1985), Phyllis Schlafly on Womens Responsibility for Sexual Harassment (1981), Jesse Jackson on the Rainbow Coalition (1984), Bill Clinton on Free Trade and Financial Deregulation (1993-2000), The 9/11 Commission Report, Reflecting On A Generational Challenge (2004), George W. Bush on the Post-9/11 World (2002), Pedro Lopez on His Mothers Deportation (2008/2015), Chelsea Manning Petitions for a Pardon (2013), Emily Doe (Chanel Miller), Victim Impact Statement (2015). Instead of lynchings being caused by assaults upon women, the statistics show that not one-third of the victims of lynchings are even charged with such crimes. If a few barns were burned some colored man was killed to stop it. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated, they became the primary targets of white Southerners. Wells began her essay, "Lynch Laws in America," with the observation: "Our country's national crime is lynching" (Wells 1). It was not "the sudden outburst the sudden outburst of uncontrolled . What becomes a crime deserving capital punishment when the tables are turned is a matter of small moment when the negro woman is the accusing party. Hardly had the sentences dried upon the statute-books before one Southern State after another raised the cry against "negro domination" and proclaimed there was an "unwritten law" that justied any means to resist it. 3) Mass acceptance of lynching. Our country's national crime is lynching. Wells Barnett, Where/Why did the "unwritten law" first find "excuse"?, How was the first "unwritten law" different from the South? . At the time Ida B. Wells." But that did not stop journalist Ida B. "Lynch Law in America" (Speech Given in Chicago, Illinois; Jan. 1900) by Ida B Wells Our country's national crime is lynching. Ida B. . According to this count, 73% of lynchings occurred in the South. Quite a number of the one-third alleged cases of assault that have been personally investigated by the writer have shown that there was no foundation in fact for the charges; yet the claim is not made that there were no real culprits among them. Very scant notice is taken of the matter when this is the condition of affairs. Of this number, 160 were of negro descent. The sentiment of the country has been appealed to, in describing the isolated condition of white families in thickly populated negro districts; and the charge is made that these homes are in as great danger as if they were surrounded by wild beasts. Print friendly. Civil Rights and Conflict in the United States: Selected Speeches. Men were taken from their homes by red-shirt bands and stripped, beaten, and exiled; others were assassinated when their political prominence made them obnoxious to their political opponents; while the Ku-Klux barbarism of election days, reveling in the butchery of thousands of colored voters, furnished records in Congressional investigations that are a disgrace to civilization. 2) vivid language for white hypocrisy. (1900). This pamphlet was authored by Ida B. Wells-Barnett and widely circulated in the North. 1 An African-American woman of "striking courage and conviction," she received national recognition as the leader of the anti-lynching crusade. Our Core Document Collection allows students to read history in the words of those who made it. No nation, savage or civilized, save only the United States of America, has confessed its inability to protect its women save by hanging, shooting, and burning alleged offenders. This she has done, and it is certain will have to do again in the case of the recent lynching of Italians in Louisiana. Wells died on March 25, 1931. . America during the first six months of this year (1893). Lynching remains one of the most disturbing and least understood atrocities in American history . Following the death of both her parents of yellow fever in 1878, Ida, at age 16, began teaching in a one-room schoolhouse in rural Mississippi. However, the verdict of her innocence was overturned by Tennessee Appeals Court, the injustice shocking Ida. The Arena. They are as follows : In the case of the boy and girl above referred to, their father, named Hastings, was accused of the murder of a white man. (1900). The negro has suffered far more from the commission of this crime against the women of his race by white men than the white race has ever suffered through his crimes. But the spirit of mob procedure seemed to have fastened itself upon the lawless classes, and the grim process that at first was invoked to declare justice was made the excuse to wreak vengeance and cover crime. The Judiciary and Progress Address at Toledo, Ohio, Letter Accepting the Republican Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 (excerpts). Following the end of the Civil War, her father, who as an enslaved person had been the carpenter on a plantation, was active in Reconstruction period politics in Mississippi. This condition of affairs were brutal enough and horrible enough if it were true that lynchings occurred only because of the commission of crimes against womenas is constantly declared by ministers, editors, lawyers, teachers, statesmen, and even by women themselves. Her openly uncensored publications, 'Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its phases, and 'The Red It was enough to fight the enemies from without; woe to the foe within! Aug 2, 2018. . Wells died she had faded from public view somewhat, and major newspapers did not note her passing. Lynch Law In America, By Ida B. This document was downloaded from Lit2Go, a free online collection of stories and poems in Mp3 (audiobook) format published by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology. The world looks on and says it is well. without', 'no matter . The second subsection presents Ida B. Wells in Chicago, Illinois, January, 1900," Civil Rights and Conflict in the United States: Selected Speeches, Lit2Go Edition, (1900), accessed March 01, 2023, https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/185/civil-rights-and-conflict-in-the-united-states-selected-speeches/4375/speech-on-lynch-law-in-america-given-by-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-illinois-january-1900/. This condition of affairs were brutal enough and horrible enough if it were true that lynchings occurred only because of the commission of crimes against womenas is constantly declared by ministers, editors, lawyers, teachers, statesmen, and even by women themselves. Ida B Wells-Barnett. Ida B. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. Hardly had the sentences dried upon the statute books before one southern state after another raised the cry against negro domination and proclaimed there was an unwritten law that justified any means to resist it. . 2 Wells-Barnett sought a federal anti-lynching law that would ThoughtCo. FRED. and more. The sentiment of the country has been appealed to, in describing the isolated condition of white families in thickly populated negro districts; and the charge is made that these homes are in as great danger as if they were surrounded by wild beasts. When Ida B. The detectives report showed that Hose killed Cranford, his employer, in self-defense, and that, while a mob was organizing to hunt Hose to punish him for killing a white man, not till twenty-four hours after the murder was the charge of rape, embellished with psychological and physical impossibilities, circulated. Although lynchings have steadily increased in number and barbarity during the last twenty years, there has been no single effort put forth by the many moral and philanthropic forces of the country to put a stop to this wholesale slaughter. During the last ten years a new statute has been added to the unwritten law. This statute proclaims that for certain crimes or alleged crimes no negro shall be allowed a trial; that no white woman shall be compelled to charge an assault under oath or to submit any such charge to the investigation of a court of law. She became involved in local politics in Chicago and also with the nationwide drive for women's suffrage. Available in hard copy and for download. African American journalist Ida B. Thus lynchings began in the South, rapidly spreading into the various States until the national law was nullified and the reign of the unwritten law was supreme. It presents three salient facts: First: Lynching is color line murder. The negro has been too long associated with the white man not to have copied his vices as well as his virtues. Speech on Lynch Law in America, Given by Ida B. And she was certainly no stranger to death threats. The cover page for Southern Horrors: Lynch Law In All Its Phases (1892), the first pamphlet by Ida B. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a prominent journalist, activist, and researcher, in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Not only this, but so potent is the force of example that the lynching mania has spread throughout the North and middle West. But the negro resents and utterly repudiates the efforts to blacken his good name by asserting that assaults upon women are peculiar to his race. But this alleged reason adds to the deliberate injustice of the mobs work. She traveled to England in 1893 and 1894, and spoke at many public meetings about the conditions in the American South. The red Indian of the Western plains tied his prisoner to the stake, tortured him, and danced in fiendish glee while his victim writhed in the flames. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. She began to write about her experiences, and became affiliated with The Living Way, a newspaper published by African Americans. 2 M2 Discussion 4: Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson is among the significant Supreme Court decisions that upheld racial segregation under the separate but equal doctrine. Our watchword has been the land of the free and the home of the brave. Brave men do not gather by thousands to torture and murder a single individual, so gagged and bound he cannot make even feeble resistance or defense. It has been to the interest of those who did the lynching to blacken the good name of the helpless and defenseless victims of their hate. . Quite a number of the one-third alleged cases of assault that have been personally investigated by the writer have shown that there was no foundation in fact for the charges; yet the claim is not made that there were no real culprits among them. London :"Lux" Newspaper and Pub. But the reign of the national law was short-lived and illusionary. If he showed a spirit of courageous manhood he was hanged for his pains, and the killing was justified by the declaration that he was a saucy nigger. Colored women have been murdered because they refused to tell the mobs where relatives could be found for lynching bees. Boys of fourteen years have been lynched by white representatives of American civilization. What does its concentration in the South and the predominance of African American victims tell us? They lived in Chicago and had four children. The Educational and Industrial Emancipation of the A Governor Bitterly Opposes Negro Education. Available at https://goo.gl/QvpcRf. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, The Red Record 11 likes Like "The miscegnation laws of the South only operate against the legitimate union of the races; they leave the white man free to seduce all the colored girls he can, but it is death to the colored man who yields to the force and advances of a similar attraction in white women. Not only this, but so potent is the force of example that the lynching mania has spread throughout the North and middle West. The report noted that Wells had been welcomed by a local chapter of the Anti-Lynching Society, and a letter from Frederick Douglass, regretting that he couldn't attend, had been read. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. What becomes a crime deserving capital punishment when the tables are turned is a matter of small moment when the negro woman is the accusing party. To verify accuracy, check the appropriate style guide. Wells lived everything that second and third-wave feminists claim to crow about, but she did it while still embracing being a woman, marriage, and motherhood. Wells, "Lynch Law in America", January 1900 2 Project Gutenberg made this transcription from one of the three and maintained all "curiosities in . American Wells, notebook in hand, runs to the leader of the mob and questions the reasoning for this man's execution. There it has flourished ever since, marking the thirty years of its existence with the inhuman butchery of more than ten thousand men, women, and children by shooting, drowning, hanging, and burning them alive. Book from Project Gutenberg: Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. How does Wells explain the occurrence of lynching? Under the authority of a national law that gave every citizen the right to vote, the newly made citizens chose to exercise their suffrage. The Bible at the Center of the Modern University. Lynch law in Georgia: a six-weeks' record in the center of southern civilization, as faithfully chronicled by the "Atlanta journal" and the "Atlanta constitution": also the full report of Louis P. Le Vin, the Chicago detective sent to investigate the burning of Samuel Hose, the torture and hanging of Elijah But the negro resents and utterly repudiates the effort to blacken his good name by asserting that assaults upon women are peculiar to his race. In many instances the leading citizens aid and abet by their presence when they do not participate, and the leading journals inflame the public mind to the lynching point with scare-head articles and offers of rewards. Lynchings were violent public acts that white people used to terrorize and control Black people in the 19th and 20th centuries . TeachingAmericanHistory.org is a project of the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University, 401 College Avenue, Ashland, Ohio 44805 PHONE (419) 289-5411 TOLL FREE (877) 289-5411 EMAIL [emailprotected], State of the Union Address Part III (1911). A new name was given to the killings and a new excuse was invented for so doing. See also, Lisa D. Cook, Converging to a National Lynching Database: Recent Developments, (2011) which describes and analyzes different databases of lynching incidents. Wells." No matter that our laws presume every man innocent until he is proved guilty; no matter that it leaves a certain class of individuals completely at the mercy of another class; no matter that mobs make a farce of the law and a mockery of justice; no matter that hundreds of boys are being hardened in crime and schooled in vice by the repetition of such scenes before their eyesif a white woman declares herself insulted or assaulted, some life must pay the penalty, with all the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition and all the barbarism of the Middle Ages. Aims and Objects of the Movement for Solution of t "The Bible," from Christianity and Liberalism. Surely it should be the nations duty to correct its own evils! According to Wells figures, 66% percent of the victims were African Americans, 34% were white or of some other race. For more information, including classroom activities, readability data, and original sources, please visit https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/185/civil-rights-and-conflict-in-the-united-states-selected-speeches/4375/speech-on-lynch-law-in-america-given-by-ida-b-wells-in-chicago-illinois-january-1900/. If caught he was promptly tried, and if found guilty was hanged to the tree under which the court convened. Born into slavery during the Civil War, Ida B. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. These executions were often carried out by lawless mobs, though police officers did participate, under the pretext of justice. Wells in Chicago, Illinois, January, 1900 by Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1862-1931. In many cases there has been open expression that the fate meted out to the victim was only what he deserved. "African American Perspectives" gives a panoramic and eclectic review of African American history and culture and is primarily comprised of two collections in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division: the African American Pamphlet Collection and the Daniel A.P. Wells in Chicago, Illinois, January, 1900. Paid China for outrages on Pacific Coast.. 276,619.75 The nineteenth-century lynching mob cuts off ears, toes, and fingers, strips off flesh, and distributes portions of the body as souvenirs among the crowd. When Ida was young she was educated in a local school, though her education was interrupted when both her parents died in a yellow fever epidemic when she was 16. . In 1867, when Black men in Mississippi could vote for the first time, his white employer told him to vote for the Democrats, but again he refused. . She was also active in the womens rights movement. Speech on Lynch Law in America, Given by Ida B. 'without . . She continued her work documenting lynchings. When their different governments demanded satisfaction, our country was forced to confess her inability to protect said subjects in the several States because of our State-rights doctrines, or in turn demand punishment of the lynchers. At Newman, Ga., of the present year, the mob tried every conceivable torture to compel the victim to cry out and confess, before they set fire to the faggots that burned him. . Though her campaign against lynching did not stop the practice, her groundbreaking reporting and writing on the subject was a milestone in American journalism. Collection gutenberg Contributor Project Gutenberg Language In fact, for all kinds of offensesand, for no offensesfrom murders to misdemeanors, men and women are put to death without judge or jury; so that, although the political excuse was no longer necessary, the wholesale murder of human beings went on just the same. They had no time to give the prisoner a bill of exception or stay of execution. Not only are two hundred men and women put to death annually, on the average, in this country by mobs, but these lives are taken with the greatest publicity. Heeding warnings that if she ever returned to Memphis, she would be killed, Wells moved to Chicago. In May 1884, Wells had boarded a train to Nashville with a first-class ticket, but she was told that she had to sit in the car reserved for African Americans. All the negro asks is justicea fair and impartial trial in the courts of the country. The first statute of this unwritten law was written in the blood of thousands of brave men who thought that a government that was good enough to create a citizenship was strong enough to protect it. But the reign of the national law was short-lived and illusionary. The Arena was a monthly literary magazine published in . The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Wo Equal Rights Amendment to the Federal Constitutio Better Baby Contest, Indiana State Fair, State of the Union Address Part IV (1911). Lit2Go: Civil Rights and Conflict in the United States: Selected Speeches, Speech on Lynch Law in America, Given by Ida B. S he did much to expose the epidemic of lynching in the United States and her writing and research exploded many of the justifications particularly the rape of white women by black men commonly offered to justify the practice. . It is considered a sufficient excuse and reasonable justification to put a prisoner to death under this unwritten law for the frequently repeated charge that these lynching horrors are necessary to prevent crimes against women. The implication of her speech's titlethat lynching had become America's lawwould surely have caused her audience to pause, and the entirety of her speech provided the facts necessary for them to reflect upon. 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